Orellana-Intriago et al. (2026)
Palabras claves: Economía informal, empleo informal, emprendimiento urbano, financiamiento
informal, desigualdad laboral, Guayaquil.
ABSTRACT
The informal economy is one of the most important structural phenomena in the Latin American
labor market, and especially in the city of Guayaquil, where there is a high prevalence of
unregulated employment across various productive sectors and population groups. This article
aims to analyze the informal economy in Guayaquil from a theoretical perspective through a
review of the scientific literature published since 2005. The research was developed within a
qualitative, documentary, and descriptive-analytical design, using indexed academic databases
and applying selection criteria based on thematic relevance and scientific rigor. The findings
indicate that in Guayaquil, informality responds to structural factors specific to the region, such as
socioeconomic inequality, the disconnect between education and the labor market, limitations in
access to formal financing, and institutional weakness. It was also found that certain groups
(
young people, women, migrants, and people with higher education) are highly vulnerable to
informal working conditions. Likewise, it was also found that informal financing, including loan
sharking, undermines the sustainability of urban businesses, especially those led by women. In
conclusion, the informal economy in Guayaquil cannot be understood solely as a consequence
of unemployment; rather, the phenomenon must be considered an intricate dynamic complexly
linked to economic, social, and institutional factors that demand public policies promoting formal
financial inclusion, formalization, and strengthening the labor market.
Keywords: Informal economy, informal employment, urban entrepreneurship, informal financing,
labor inequality, Guayaquil.
1. INTRODUCCIÓN
La economía informal es un fenómeno socioeconómico que tiene un importante
peso en las ciudades de América Latina, especialmente en las ciudades que
presentan altos niveles de desempleo, desigualdad y migración interna. Tal
como sucede en Guayaquil, Ecuador, donde la ciudad ha seguido un proceso de
crecimiento sostenido de actividades económicas que se desarrollan fuera de la
economía formal y que conllevan una serie de desafíos tanto para el desarrollo
de dicha economía como para la formulación de políticas públicas que busquen
favorecer la regulación y formalización de esta economía. En la literatura sobre
economía informal, esta no solo ha sido entendida como un sector económico
marginal, sino también como la convergencia de estrategias de subsistencia, de
emprendimiento, de mercado laboral y de estructuras institucionales
insuficientes (Véliz Torresano & Díaz Christiansen, 2014; Portes & Haller, 2004).
Desde el punto de vista de la teoría, la economía informal es la suma de
actividades productivas, y de actividades de servicios, que operan sin registro,